Seismic Risk Management Process

	Basic Practices	Advanced Properties
12.1 De-stress Blasting	De-stress blasting done ahead of the development face when face bursting has been identified as a significant hazard Blast design is a trial and error approach refined to make development through the broken ground as easy as possible	Empirical design of de-stress blasting patterns, results monitored to help improve performance
12.2 Hydraulic Fracturing	Not applicable	Hydraulic fracturing used to pre-condition rock mass around work areas and reduce the seismic hazard

It is possible to reduce seismic hazard by modifying the rock mass properties using pre-conditioning techniques such as blasting or hydraulic fracturing to change its seismic response to mining-induced stress changes. This can be done at the scale of a drive, or at the very large scale of a block or panel cave mine. Codelco El Teniente Division is a clear leader in this area.

12.1 De-stress blasting

12.1.1 Basic

Although it has been applied occasionally at the scale of open stoping, de-stress blasting is more commonly applied at the scale of a drive by choke-blasting the walls and back ahead of the face. The basic approach relies on a trial and error process to design the blasts and is used as an ad hoc process when the risk of strainburst is elevated, hindering the progress of development mining.

12.1.2 Advanced

It is difficult to define what would be advanced de-stress blasting practices. A more advanced approach would rely on empirical design of the de-stress blasts with a good instrumentation programme to refine the blasting rules and assess the effectiveness of the blasting.

12.2 Hydraulic fracturing

12.2.1 Basic

There is no basic approach to hydraulic fracturing for pre-conditioning purpose.

12.2.2 Advanced

El Teniente mine has been using hydraulic fracturing for pre-conditioning for almost 15 years and are currently applying this technique systematically throughout their operation to reduce seismic hazard. This is the only mine in the world using this technique for mitigating seismic hazard and they have shown strong evidence that it has contributed in reducing the overall magnitudes of seismic events. The following figure shows an example of a hydraulic fracturing of a mine drive at El Teniente mine (Rojas and Landeros 2017).

Figure: Illustration of hydraulic fracturing of a tunnel at El Teniente mine (Rojas and Landeros 2017)